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báo cáo hóa học: " Ships, ports and particulate air pollution - an analysis of recent studies"

Tuyển tập báo cáo các nghiên cứu khoa học quốc tế ngành hóa học dành cho các bạn yêu hóa học tham khảo đề tài: Ships, ports and particulate air pollution - an analysis of recent studies | Mueller et al. Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology 2011 6 31 http www.occup-med.eom content 6 1 31 _ JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY REVIEW Open Access Ships ports and particulate air pollution - an analysis of recent studies Daniel Mueller Stefanie Uibel Masaya Takemura Doris Klingelhoefer and David A Groneberg Abstract The duration of use is usually significantly longer for marine vessels than for roadside vehicles. Therefore these vessels are often powered by relatively old engines which may propagate air pollution. Also the quality of fuel used for marine vessels is usually not comparable to the quality of fuels used in the automotive sector and therefore port areas may exhibit a high degree of air pollution. In contrast to the multitude of studies that addressed outdoor air pollution due to road traffic only little is known about ship-related air pollution. Therefore the present article aims to summarize recent studies that address air pollution i.e. particulate matter exposure due to marine vessels. It can be stated that the data in this area of research is still largely limited. Especially knowledge on the different air pollutions in different sea areas is needed. Introduction Air quality issues are extremely important for both occupational and environmental health. In this respect numerous airborne factors negatively influence human health 1-6 . In port cities and coastal areas many sources of air pollution can be found. These air pollution sources are ship traffic industry rail traffic and usual sources such as residential emissions Figure 1 . Whereas numerous studies on road traffic-related air pollution have been conducted in the past only little is known about the magnitude and effects of air pollution due to marine vessels. According to the U.S. environmental protection agency EPA particulate matter PM is one of the six common air pollutants 7 . PM can be categorized to the main fractions such as PM10 PM2.5 and ultrafine .