This study was prepared by members of The NorthBridge Group, Frank Huntowski (Director), Aaron Patterson (Principal), and Michael Schnitzer (Director). The NorthBridge Group is an independent economic and strategic consulting firm serving the electric and natural gas industries, including regulated utilities and companies active in the competitive wholesale and retail markets. NorthBridge has a national practice and long-standing relationships with restructured utilities in Regional Transmission Organization (“RTO”) markets, vertically-integrated utilities in non-RTO markets, and other market participants. Before and throughout the restructuring process of the . electricity industry, the authors have assisted clients with wholesale market design, competitive market analysis.