Tham khảo tài liệu 'mcgraw hill s essential american slang phần 7', ngoại ngữ, ngữ pháp tiếng anh phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | MEANING 259 be loaded positively calling forth feelings of affection and approval grass-roots Americanism old-fashioned flavor an ancient and glorious tradition. There is nothing wrong in trying to arouse the emotions of readers. It is the purpose for which the emotion is evoked that may be reprehensible or admirable. The devil s advocate uses loaded diction and so do the angels. Many words operate in both the referential and directive modes simultaneously. In fact it is not always easy to know which mode is paramount in particular cases. Both Marxist and conservative for example may believe that bourgeois and pinko really denote facts. Still most of us feel that such words are largely empty of reference and have their meaning chiefly in their emotive force. On the other hand some words work effectively in both modes like those italicized in the following passage the author is describing some fellow passengers on a bus tour of Sicily Immediately next to me was an aggrieved French couple with a small child who looked around with a rat-like malevolence. He had the same face as his father. They looked like very cheap microscopes. Lawrence Durrell Rat-like and cheap microscopes have genuine reference they would help an illustrator drawing a picture of this father and son. At the same time the words arouse the emotional response that Durrell wants in the reader. Conclusion The relative importance of the three modes of meaning varies considerably from one kind of writing to another. Scholarly and scientific papers for example make the writer-topic axis paramount advertising and political propaganda use that of reader-topic applications for jobs and letters of appeal for example lie along the writer-reader axis. We can suggest such differences in emphasis in our triangular diagram by moving 2ÓO DICTION the circles representing words from the center of the triangle toward one or another of its sides. Some of the examples we have used might be visualized like this Some .
