Part 1 book "The genetic basis of haematological cancers" includes content: Molecular genetics of paediatric acute myeloid leukaemia, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, the genetics of mature B-cell malignancies, the genetics of chronic myelogenous leukaemia. | CHAPTER 4 Molecular genetics of paediatric acute myeloid leukaemia Marry van den Heuvel-Eibrink Jasmijn . de Rooij and Christian Michel Zwaan Clinical introduction Epidemiology of AML In children the most frequently occurring haematological malignancies are acute leukaemias of which 80 are classified as acute lymphoblas- tic leukaemia ALL and 15 20 as acute myeloid leukaemia AML . The incidence of AML in infants is per 100 000 individuals per year thereafter the incidence decreases to per 100 000 individuals aged 5 9 years after which it gradually increases into adulthood up to an inci- dence of per 100 000 individuals aged over 65 years SEER Cancer Statistics Registry USA 2005 2009 .1 The underlying cause of AML is unknown and childhood AML generally occurs de novo. Rare cases are preceded by clonal evolution of preleukaemic myeloproliferative diseases such as myelodysplastic syndrome MDS and juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia JMML . In addition AML may occur after previous radiotherapy or chemotherapy alkylating agents or epipodophyllotoxins as secondary 3 In elderly AML patients environmental factors have been suggested in the pathogenesis of AML which probably is less relevant in chil- dren as exposure time is usually short unless the carcinogenic impact of an environmental exposure is truly 5 In rare cases AML occurs in children with underlying genetic diseases such as chromosomal-breakage syndromes . Fanconi anaemia Bloom This chapter is adapted from de Rooij . Zwaan . van den Heuvel-Eibrink M. Pediatric AML from biology to clinical management. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2015 4 127 149. The Genetic Basis of Haematological Cancers First Edition. Edited by Sabrina Tosi and Alistair G. Reid. 2016 John Wiley amp Sons Ltd. Published 2016 by John Wiley amp Sons Ltd. 203 https 204 Chapter 4 syndrome or diseases with disturbed myelopoiesis . severe congeni- tal neutropenia Diamond Blackfan anaemia
